Penelope Nash is an Honorary Associate at the University of Sydney. She has published extensively, especially on how the changes between the tenth and early twelfth centuries affected women’s lives in Western Europe. This has given rise to the major study Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda: Medieval Female Rulership and the Foundations of European Society (2017). She edited with others FORUM: Pauline Stafford’s Queens, Concubines, and Dowagers Thirty-five Years On (2020). She has written a number of articles on early medieval subjects, including studies of the power, wealth and dynastic stability of Ottonian and Salian women and Insular and Byzantine influences on Carolingian and Ottonian literature and art. She has published in Italian: L’imperatrice e la contessa: Adelaide di Borgogna modello per Matilde di Canossa? in «Matilde nel Veneto» (2016). Forthcoming are book chapters: Memories and Memorials of Literature and Art at the Turn of the First Millennium and «Italy and her [German] Invaders»: Otto III’s and Frederick Barbarossa’s Early Tours of Italy with Palgrave Macmillan and Amsterdam University Press.